A capital improvement plan gives a water or wastewater agency a practical way to connect long-term needs with available money, staff capacity, and community…
Combined sewer overflows occur when a single pipe system carries sanitary sewage and stormwater, and heavy rainfall pushes the combined flow beyond treatment…
Starting a career in water and wastewater can feel like entering a field with its own language, standards, regulations, and unwritten rules. Coursework…
Reliable process control begins with reliable arithmetic. In a treatment plant, two of the most useful calculations are detention time and surface overflow…
Aging sewer systems rarely fail in uniform ways. One neighborhood may experience excessive wet-weather flow because of cracked mains, while another may be…
A process flow diagram, or PFD, is a visual map of how materials, energy, and operating steps move through a treatment or industrial system. In water resource…
Collection system operators protect the first and often most overlooked stage of wastewater treatment. Before sewage reaches a pump station or treatment plant,…
Persistent foam on an aeration basin can look like a cosmetic nuisance, but it often signals a process imbalance. Excessive surface foam may indicate young or…
Dissolved oxygen (DO) probes provide the measurements operators rely on to control aeration, protect biological treatment, and document process performance.…