California’s First Indirect Potable Reuse Treatment Plant Was in Los Angeles – “Back to the Future”

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Los Angeles Experimental Plant. General view, showing aeration tanks in the foreground, blower house on the right, filter plant on the left and digestion tank in the background.

** Related event – don’t miss Dr. Pinhey presenting the history of this plant on Thursday June 19th at the LACCD Van De Kamps Innovations Campus near the LA River ** Click here for details

By Nicholas Pinhey, CWEA History Committee

One of the benefits of the California Water Environment Association (CWEA ) History Committee’s research is the rediscovery of how the Association and its past leadership were involved in cutting-edge wastewater programs and projects – programs and projects that were, in many cases, many decades ahead of their time.

The CWEA History Committee’s work in documenting the Association’s activities and its past conference programs uncovered an interesting piece of little-known water and wastewater history; the first intentionally designed indirect potable reuse (pilot) project in California circa 1930 and the leading role of an Association’s Past-President in this historic project. And, thanks to Tom Parker at LACSD, the CWEA History Committee has also obtained some rare 1930 film footage of the project.

R.F. Goudey, California Sewage Works Association (now CWEA) Past- President and “Father of Indirect Potable Reuse in California”

Raymond Freeman (R.F.) Goudey (1894-1948) was one of the key figures in the early history of the California Sewage Works Association (CSWA). Not only was he present for the founding of the CSWA, he served as Association President in 1938, was instrumental in the establishment of the CSWA voluntary operator certification program, and published many technical articles and studies related to water and wastewater research, operations, and maintenance during the 1920’s through the 1940’s. In addition to his volunteer work with CSWA, R.F. Goudey also served as President of the California Section of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in the 1930’s and was responsible for establishing AWWA operator certification in the late 1930’s.

R.F. Goudey worked as a sanitary and civil engineer, first for the California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering (where he performed many sanitary surveys for water systems throughout California and also reviews of wastewater treatment facilities) and later for the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) as a sanitary engineer. His professional work in both the water and wastewater fields, coupled with his active roles in both the CSWA and AWWA, made R.F. Goudey the ideal person to champion the concept of indirect potable reuse of recycled water to augment water supplies.

The 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant – California’s First Experiment with Indirect Potable Reuse

In the mid-1920’s, with the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California just forming and the Colorado River water supply not yet secured, the LADWP recognized that its water supplies would be outstripped by the rapid growth and development of Los Angeles. In late 1929, because of the forecast water demands, LADWP officials decided to pursue an ambitious program of sewage reclamation field studies “on an experimental basis” with the stated goal of determining if reclaimed water could be safely used to recharge underground water storage either directly or indirectly through irrigation.[1]

The scope of work and deliverables for the studies included (paraphrased by this author):

Development of treatment process that would not create nuisances or odors and be economical to operate.

Incorporate and test the best available treatment technologies of the time (obtained from other operating plants in the U.S. and other countries).

Utilize mechanical equipment to the fullest extent in the design and operation.

Investigate the effectiveness of treating industrial wastes in the reclamation process.

Determine the basic design criteria for adapting known treatment processes to local conditions of climate, level of treatment required for reuse, and the character of the sewage requiring treatment.

Demonstration of the level of treatment required for different types of reuse (direct recharge, irrigation, industrial water use).

Selection of a compact design consistent with simplifying operation.

Investigation of any harmful constituents in sewage that might interfere with reclamation.

Reduction of operation and maintenance (O&M) costs to a safe minimum with installation (construction) costs kept within reason.

Determination of the construction and O&M costs for large plants including the following: labor, power, chemicals, depreciation, research, maintenance, miscellaneous items, and contingency.

Studies of digester gas recovery to generate electrical power, development of fertilizer from digested sludge, and the value of nitrogen in activated sludge effluent.

Construction of a plant that will aid in gaining public confidence and support for reclaimed water.[2]

R.F. Goudey, who had recently joined the LADWP as a sanitary engineer, was given the task in January 1930 of designing and constructing the first large-scale complete demonstration reclamation plant on the West Coast.[3] Goudey was the perfect choice for leading the program and project. His professional working career and association work in water and wastewater combined with his presentation style (as evidenced in his technical papers) allowed him to easily bridge the gap between water professionals and wastewater professionals and effectively communicate the benefits of indirect potable reuse.

A location in Griffith Park, adjacent to the Los Angeles River and North Outfall Sewer (serving the San Fernando Valley), was selected for the plant site to allow for groundwater recharge immediately upstream of an LADWP infiltration gallery and pumping station serving the City water system. Goudey, under the direction of LADWP Director of Sanitation Carl Wilson, successfully finished the experimental (pilot) reclamation plant’s design and construction in four months and the plant officially began operation on May 12, 1930.[4]

Plant Process Overview

Per Goudey’s papers, the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant was designed to treat 200,000 gallons per day (0.2 MGD). The activated sludge process was selected for the reclamation plant along with primary sedimentation, anaerobic sludge digestion, and secondary sedimentation/clarification. Gas from the digester was collected and used to run a gas-powered engine generator to provide electrical energy for the sewage reclamation plant.

The secondary effluent was given complete “advanced” treatment that included chemical addition, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, super-chlorination, sand filtration, and finally dechlorination by filtration with activated carbon. The activated carbon also removed trace odors and taste in the water. The final effluent was then placed on five sand spreading beds to percolate into the groundwater at a measured rate of 1,000,000 gallons per acre per day. Fourteen 2-inch diameter monitoring wells were installed in and around the spreading beds to monitor both groundwater levels and water quality, and to also provide data on the water quality impacts to the down gradient infiltration gallery.

The plant was designed for flexibility to allow for different flow regimes and for process changes so that data could be gathered to meet the objectives of the scope of work and deliverables for the reclamation studies. Every process in the plant was fully metered and measured and composite samples of plant process flows were collected continuously via automatic flow-proportioned samplers.

Description of Plant Processes

The site for the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant in Griffith Park was adjacent to the recently constructed 48” trunk sewer serving the San Fernando Valley (North Outfall Sewer). The influent to the plant was conveyed by a vertical diversion in the trunk sewer, which allowed the raw sewage to flow into the plant by gravity.

The influent flow could be split between two 20’ diameter primary clarifiers equipped with Dorr center drive mechanisms. The primary clarifiers were also equipped with a chemical feed system to enhance sedimentation and allow for pH adjustment when needed.

The primary effluent was fed to two rectangular aeration tanks equipped with an air diffusion system using “filtros” plates. The tanks were continuously mixed with a set of “Imhoff” paddles that revolved at 6.5 r.p.m. against the diffused air. The aeration tanks were divided into compartments, which allowed tests of various aeration/re-aeration combinations and multi-stage treatment. The multi-stage testing led to some interesting findings, including an effective process of step-feeding of return activated sludge and a process for the thickening of waste activated sludge (later patented by R.F. Goudey and chief plant operator Schuyler Bennett).

Interior view of the aeration tank and the Imhoff paddles.

The effluent from the aeration tanks could be settled in one or two circular secondary clarifiers (22’ in diameter and 20’ in diameter) depending on the process flow being tested. It was found that two-stage clarification, where two secondary clarifiers were used in series, worked best for purposes of suspended solids removal and chlorination, with the second clarifier acting somewhat as a chlorine contact basin.

Chlorine was applied to the secondary effluent at a rate of approximately 20 lbs. per million gallons using Wallace & Tiernan chlorinators. After chlorination, the secondary effluent was treated by adding ferric chloride using a chemical feed system invented by LADWP Director Carl Wilson. The ferric chloride was “flash mixed” with the effluent and coagulation/sedimentation and took place in a specially designed tank with a one-hour detention time. The settled floc was returned to the aeration tanks. Chlorine was also applied at the end of the coagulation/ sedimentation tank to oxidize any remaining organics.

Final effluent – safe domestic water. One-third of the plant’s 200,000 gallon daily capacity is given filtration treatment and is discharged in this tile box.

The coagulation/sedimentation tank effluent was applied to a sand and gravel filter (sand depth 12” and gravel depth 18”) by nozzles that also were used to keep the surface sand agitated. The filter incorporated a backwash system and troughs to convey the filter backwash to the aeration tanks.

The sand filter effluent was applied to an up-flow activated carbon filter constructed to the same dimensions as the sand filter. The carbon filter was vented and had a steam system for regeneration. The activated carbon served to dechlorinate and remove any residual color or odor from the final effluent. This “polished” effluent could then be applied to the spreading basins for percolation or discharged directly to the Los Angeles River.

Sludge handling for the plant was accomplished with a sludge thickener/decanter and a 20’ diameter, 10” deep heated anaerobic digester. Waste activated sludge was thickened and mixed with primary sludge prior to feeding it to the digester. Digester gas was collected and used to run an engine-generator, or burnt to waste if it wasn’t needed. The exhaust heat from the engine-generator was used to heat the digester via a heat exchanger and it was calculated that the Ford engine produced approximately three times the heat needed for the digester. The digested sludge was applied to a sand drying bed and tested as fertilizer for various plants and trees.

Plant Performance

Today it’s hard to imagine food processors and canneries in North Hollywood and Burbank, but food processors formed the major industries (along with movie studio film processing waste) that discharged to the City of Los Angeles’s San Fernando Valley Trunk Sewer, or North Outfall Sewer, in 1930. The Bonner Fruit Company Cannery (peaches, other fruit), the Libby-McNeill and Libby Cannery (fruit, pickles, tomatoes, relish), the Genevieve Jackson Inc. fruit/vegetable dehydration plant and the Andrew Jergens Company (soap manufacturing) all contributed to the industrial waste flows that were treated by the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant. Food processing produced seasonal discharges that varied, depending on the crops being processed, and could produce wastewater two to three times stronger than the average wastewater strengths generated by the rest of the City of Los Angeles system.[5]

Bonner Fruit Company, North Hollywood, circa 1920

The industrial waste from the canneries, soap, and movie industries posed a challenge for the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant. Not only was the raw sewage “two to three times stronger” than the average strength of the raw sewage at the City’s Hyperion treatment plant, the reclamation plant influent was often septic and the plant operators had to contend with whole peaches and tomatoes showing up in the primary clarifiers during canning season.[6] Additionally the influent pH would drop to 6.4 due to the cannery wastes.

Fortunately, the plant’s design had incorporated features, such as chemical feed systems and conservative design criteria that allowed the operators to adjust pH, flow regimes, and aeration to accommodate the heavy loadings and seasonal fluctuations.

The following table illustrates the average effluent results for the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant from August 1930 through February 1931:

Additionally, R.F. Goudey’s analysis showed that the recycled water from the plant compared favorably to imported aqueduct water.

Overall, the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant’s performance was a success and R.F. Goudey’s program was instrumental in gaining support from agencies and the press for indirect potable reuse and recycled water in general. Goudey led many tours of the plant and it is estimated that approximately 500 people visited the facility while it was in operation, and around 300 of the visitors actually tasted the plant’s product by drinking a sample of the final effluent at the end of the tour.

By 1933 the Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering outlined a plan to divert 25 MGD from the North Outfall Sewer in the San Fernando Valley to treat and use for irrigation and groundwater recharge. Despite the success of the plant and the plans to expand the program, the plant was closed and the plans for recycled water were dropped around 1934. The end of the LADWP project may have been due to the Metropolitan Water Districts securing the Colorado River water supply thus making recycled water appear unnecessary for water supply augmentation.[11]

“Back to the Future I” – The Valley Settling Basin Project

Sometimes “everything old is new again” and the 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant is a good example of an old project resurfacing at different times as a new idea. What follows are brief descriptions of two projects and studies that followed R.F. Goudey’s 1930 project and illustrate how far ahead R.F. Goudey was in terms of recognizing the value of recycled water for the recharge of groundwater and for irrigation.

R.F. Goudey, in his project presentations, stated that the value of a sewage reclamation plant also extended to it providing relief for downstream wastewater facilities. This would be accomplished by freeing existing collection and treatment capacity through diverting flows for treatment and reuse. Goudey’s diversion concept resurfaced in early 1954 when the diversion of raw sewage flow out of the North Outfall Sewer for storage and treatment at the Griffith Park site was proposed as an interim means of preventing sanitary sewer overflows into the Los Angeles River. By July 31, 1954 the “Valley Settling Basin” project was operational at a capacity of 200,000 gallons per day (0.2 MGD), which, coincidentally, was the same capacity as the 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant.[12]

The Valley Settling Basin was located very close to the site of the 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant, and by 1955 the basin was being used to store and treat peak flows from the San Fernando Valley using chemical precipitation and chlorination. The Valley Settling Basin effluent could be discharged to the Los Angeles River, or returned to the sewer system during off-peak times. The Valley Settling Basin Project was intended to be used as an interim solution while two new interceptor sewer projects were being completed; however, the facility remained in use for several years.

Interestingly, a 1962 study of the potential for reclaimed water use for groundwater recharge in the Los Angeles area reviewed the Valley Settling Basin project and found that “The Valley Settling Basin in Griffith Park could form the nucleus for a reclamation plant providing irrigation water to the park. If the plant capacity were five cubic feet per second, it would yield about 3,000 acre-feet of reclaimed water per year.” And “The water would be conveyed by two conduits, one of which would connect with the irrigation distribution facilities of the park, and the other would serve the cemetery (Forest Lawn) to the northwest of the park.”[13] Thus, R.F. Goudey’s ideas for using recycled water at the Griffith Park site became part of the Los Angeles water supply alternatives discussion 32 years after the successful construction and operation of the 1930 pilot plant; however, as with the 1930 project, the impetus for a full-scale project for groundwater recharge faded away for almost another 30 years.

“Back to the Future II” – The Headworks Groundwater Recharge Project

A version of Goudey’s idea of recharging groundwater in the Griffith Park area appeared again in the late 1980’s/early 1990’s with the “Headworks Groundwater Recharge Project” pilot study (1991-1993). In this case, LADWP studied the impacts of recharging the groundwater basin using a blend of recycled water discharged from the Donald C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant and Los Angeles River water (the receiving water for the recycled water). [14]

A blend of recycled water (70%) and river water (30%) was diverted to spreading basins for percolation at the City’s “Headworks” site adjacent to the Los Angeles River and Griffith Park. The Headworks site is immediately west of the 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant site The Headworks site, so named because it was the headworks for the old Los Angeles water system, was used by LADWP to recharge river water into the groundwater basin from 1938-1981. [15]

The Headworks Groundwater Recharge Project study included extensive testing and monitoring, which demonstrated that the recharge could meet regulatory requirements. The study concluded that the outlook for groundwater recharge with reclaimed water (in the area) was promising and an engineering report for full-scale operations was subsequently prepared. By 1995 a groundwater recharge permit was issued to the City of Los Angeles by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board for recharging the eastern San Fernando Valley basin using recycled water from the Tillman Reclamation Plant; however, the indirect potable reuse groundwater recharge project was suspended in the spring of 2000 in response to public objections.

Back to the Future III – Recycling the Past in the 21 st Century

R.F. Goudey’s papers and presentations provide a picture of a man who was not only a true Association leader, but also a man who was an active, dynamic, and tireless champion for the cause of indirect potable reuse and recycled water in general. He clearly recognized the need for recycled water as an alternative supply source for California, and he also understood the challenge and importance of gaining public support for reuse programs.

Goudey’s project and the 1930 LADWP studies were decades ahead of their time. Goudey’s vision of the future for indirect potable reuse via groundwater recharge in Los Angeles is yet to be realized; however it may soon become a reality in the 21 st century based on current planning that, in effect, “recycles the past.”

In 2012 LADWP and the City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works completed a master plan for recycled water that identifies groundwater recharge in the San Fernando Valley as a key component of the plan. Similar to the 1930 studies, the master plan included pilot testing of advanced water treatment technologies for groundwater recharge. The 2012 master plan focused on the San Fernando Valley’s Hansen spreading grounds rather than land near Griffith Park to test groundwater recharge using a blend of recycled water and stormwater run-off (though no recycled water was released to the spreading grounds during the 2012 pilot test).[16] Interestingly, the goals for the 2012 pilot study were very similar to the 1930 Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant project deliverables and include:

Providing confidence to the community and regulators

Demonstrating that selected processes achieve project goals

Demonstrate reliable performance

Familiarize operations staff with processes

Developing design parameters for a full scale facility

Evaluating alternative advanced oxidation processes[17]

It can be seen from the 2012 planning effort that R.F. Goudey’s vision for recycled water continues to be a viable solution for Southern California’s water needs and it is, in his words, a means for a “legitimate increase in water supply.”

Comments on Sewage Reclamation and Indirect Potable Reuse by R.F. Goudey (1930)

R.F. Goudey’s Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant project provided him with the data to demonstrate and promote the value of recycled water and indirect potable reuse. Accordingly, Goudey took multiple opportunities to present the argument for recycling wastewater to a variety of audiences through conference presentations and publications.

The following are excerpts from presentations R.F. Goudey made to the California Section of the AWWA and the League of Pacific Municipalities (now the League of California Cities). These quotations show just how farsighted R.F. Goudey was in terms of anticipating the need for recycled water to augment water supplies in Southern California:

On the need for sewage reclamation (recycled water) in Southern California:

“The water situation in Southern California is really tragic, although the City of Los Angeles has its problem well in hand. The domestic and agricultural needs have been increasing at a greater rate than the importation of outside water. As a result, underground water supplies, which should be held for emergency use, or, at least not be called upon for continued excessive (over)draft, have not only been dangerously overdrawn, but in some areas actually depleted.”

“Need for Reclamation – Many have been the attempts in the past to establish civilizations in arid or desert regions. It is significant that all have failed because of inadequate water supplies. Will Southern California meet the same fate? It is a direct challenge.”

“Even after all outside sources of water are fully developed, including the Colorado River and Mono Basin, there will still be a deficiency to meet the ultimate domestic and irrigation requirements of the population, which otherwise this area is capable of supporting.”

“Reclamation of sewage in Southern California is coming whether we like it or not. It is not a question of sewage disposal but one directly related to a legitimate increase in water supply. In fact, reclamation of treated sewage is diametrically opposed to sewage disposal as it is (now) universally practiced…”

On water supply planning and reclaimed water:

“Not only is reclamation of treated sewage practical at the present time for the immediate relief of overdrawn underground water basins, it is an “ace up the sleeve” to tide over an undue delays in securing Colorado River water, and also fits in as a necessary cog when all distant (water) sources have been developed.”

“The possible methods of reclamation, which the department is studying, include: complete treatment for direct augmentation of reservoir supplies; replenishment of underground water supplies with sewage treated to the proper degree for different spreading grounds under consideration; substitution of treated water for irrigation supplies; utilization of treated sewage for the development of new agricultural areas and production of a water suitable for various industrial purposes.”

On public perception and public outreach:

“The prejudice and superstition which the public is supposed to have against “sewage” is readily dispelled by a proper presentation of the subject.”

“It is interesting to note that not one of over five hundred visitors to the plant has voiced any criticism of it, and all have been impressed with the feasibility of reclamation.”

“It has been shown that all visitors are favorably impressed and that no one who has been tolerant enough to investigate has any psychological or sociological objections to the effluent, formerly discharged to the ocean, being placed into gravels above infiltration galleries.”

Credits

The CWEA History Committee thanks the following persons for their contributions to this article:

Charles “Chuck” Goudey for providing access to his father’s papers and photos

Tom Parker, LACSD, for providing access to the 1930 CSWA films documenting the Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant

Julie Taylor, CWEA, for access to California Sewage Works Journal articles

Dave Kraska, Carollo Engineers, plant flow graphics

Judy Rosa, editing

Rene Lytle, editorial review

[1] Wilson, Carl, Los Angeles Successfully Reclaims Sewage for Replenishment of Underground Water Supplies , Western Construction News, September 1930, p. 473

[2] Goudey, R.F., Sewage Reclamation Plant for Los Angeles , Western Construction News, October 1930, p. 519

[3] Ibid

[4] Ibid

[5] Goudey, R.F., Some Operation Results, Los Angeles Sewage Reclamation Plant , Sewage Works Journal, April 1931, pp.214-215

[6] Goudey, R.F., Sewage Reclamation Plant for Los Angeles , Western Construction News, October 1930, p. 521

[11] Sklar, Anna , Brown Acres: An Intimate History of the Los Angeles Sewers , Angel City Press, 2008, p. 95

[12] New Sewage Basin Ready on July 31 st , The Valley News, July 15, 1954, p. 31

[13] Feasibility of Reclamation of Water From Wastes In Los Angeles Metropolitan Area – Groundwater Recharge Basins , Department of Water Resources, May 10, 1962, p. 136

[14] Karimi, Ali A., Jeremy Redman and Roberto F. Ruiz, Groundwater Replenishment with Reclaimed Water in the City of Los Angeles , GWMR, Spring 1998, pp. 151-158

[15] Ibid

[16] Liu, Paul, Tom Richardson, Doug Walters, Heather VanMeter, Rob Morrow, City of Los Angeles Recycled Water Master Planning, WateReuse Association 25 th Annual Symposium , September 2010

[17] Ibid

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Posted by admin on Thursday, April 11, 2013 at 9:02 pm Filed under CWEA , Reuse-Recycling · Tagged with

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